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The restriction of the movement of Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories by the Israeli government is an issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. According to B'Tselem, following the 1967 war, the Occupied Territories were proclaimed closed military zones. In 1972, general exit orders were issued allowing residents of those territories to move freely between the West Bank, Israel and Gaza. Following the first Intifada by 1991, these general exit orders were revoked, and personal exit permits were required. According to B'Tselem, a measure of overall closure of the Occupied Territories was enacted for the first time in 1993, and would result in total closures following rises in Palestinian political violence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Restrictions on Movement: Closure )〕 In the mid-1990s, with the implementation of the Oslo Accords and the division of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip into three separate administrative divisions, there was little change to these restrictions. Comprehensive closures during the Second Intifada resulted in complete prohibitions on Palestinian movement into Israel and between the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the situation remains the same today.〔 Israel says that the regime of restrictions is necessary to protect Israelis living in Israel and the Israeli settlements.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=חל איסור מוחלט על אזרחים ישראלים להיכנס לשטחי A ללא היתר והכניסה לשטחי B מסוכנת )〕 Israel enforces restrictions on the freedom of movement of Palestinians in the West Bank by employing a system of permanent, temporary and random manned checkpoints, the West Bank Barrier and by forbidding the usage of roads by Palestinians.〔 A 2007 World Bank report concluded that the West Bank "is experiencing severe and expanding restrictions on movement and access, high levels of unpredictability and a struggling economy."〔 Unmanned physical obstructions to block roads and paths might include dirt piles, concrete blocks, large stones, barriers, ditches, and metal gates. The physical obstructions might be altered often, on the basis of political and security circumstances. According to Israeli authorities, during 2008–09, a significant amount of checkpoints were removed. As of July 2009, Israeli authorities reported that 27 checkpoints and 140 roadblocks had been removed in order to ease security restrictions in the West Bank. An additional 140 roadblocks were said to have been opened to traffic in 2008. As of 2009, there were 504 dirt roadblocks and 14 checkpoints in the West Bank.〔http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/Behind+the+Headlines/Easing-of-Restrictions-in-Judea-and-Samaria-in-2009-09-Jul-2009〕 ==Background== The ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories and expansion of Israeli settlements, until 2005 also in Gaza, furthered hostilities between Palestinians and Israelis. During the ''Second Intifada'' in 2000, in response to Palestinian attacks on both Israeli soldiers and civilians, Israel tightened the borders. A comprehensive system of restrictions on the freedom of movement of Palestinians within the West Bank was developed. This system consists of physical obstacles (checkpoints, roadblocks, the West Bank barrier), and administrative restrictions (prohibited roads, permit requirements, age restrictions.〔(''West Bank Movement and Access Update'' ), Introduction. OCHAoPt, Special Focus, 12 September 2012. On ()〕 Since Hamas' takeover of Gaza in 2007, Israel imposes a complete blockade of the Gaza Strip, restricting imports and fishing areas, and the movement of goods and people between West Bank and Gaza.〔(''Five Years of Blockade: The Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip'' ). OCHAoPt, Fact Sheet, 14 June 2012. On ()〕 The systematic restriction on the freedom of movement of Palestinians is also known as the ''"Israeli Closure Policy"'',〔(''The Effect of Israeli Closure Policy on Wage Earnings in the West Bank and Gaza Strip'' ). Ted Nabil Aranki, 29 September 2004. Working Papers 2004:4, Örebro University, School of Business. On ()〕〔(''Israel's closure policy: An ineffective strategy of containment and repression'' ). Amira Hass, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, Spring 2002〕〔(''Trade and Finance—U.N., World Bank, IMF Criticize Israeli Closure Policy'' ). Colin MacKinnon, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 1997.〕 or the ''"policy of separation between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank"''.〔 The closure policy is imposed on the Palestinian population as a collective measure. It affects movement within parts of the OPT, between West Bank and Gaza, between the OPT and Israel as well as between the OPT and the rest of the world. While Israel directly controles the borders between Israel and the OPT, it controls the borders with Egypt and Jordan indirectly through provisions in the Agreement on Movement and Access (AMA) and the Israel–Jordan peace treaty respectively.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palestinian freedom of movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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